In research terminology, what does risk quantify?

In research terminology, risk quantifies the probability that a certain harm will occur. This is a critical aspect in the context of ethical research practices, particularly as outlined in the Belmont Report, which emphasizes the importance of assessing risks to participants.

Researchers must consider potential physical, psychological, and social harms that might arise from their study, and evaluating risk helps ensure that these harms are minimized and that participants can make informed decisions about their involvement. By focusing on the probability of adverse events, researchers can design studies that protect participants while still contributing valuable knowledge to their field.

Other options do not accurately define risk in a research context. The cost associated with a research project pertains to financial considerations, while the number of subjects relates to sample size and statistical power, and the level of detail in a research proposal typically concerns methodological clarity and rigor rather than risk assessment. Thus, option B stands out as the only definition that correctly encapsulates the concept of risk in research settings.