What does "minimal risk" refer to in research ethics?

"Minimal risk" in research ethics refers to the probability and magnitude of harm not exceeding those encountered in daily life. This concept is crucial in determining whether a research study is ethically permissible, particularly in studies involving human subjects. When assessing a study's risk levels, researchers must consider whether the potential risks involved are comparable to the risks participants would ordinarily face in their everyday lives.

This definition allows ethical review boards and researchers to evaluate the acceptability of research protocols. If the risks are deemed minimal, it could lead to a less stringent review process, allowing for more agile ethical oversight while still protecting participants' rights and welfare.

The other choices discuss various aspects of risk assessment but do not accurately capture the specific definition of "minimal risk." For instance, the first option suggests a higher likelihood of harm than typical life experiences, which would not align with the concept of minimal risk. The second option addresses the balance of benefits to risks without defining the level of risk. The last option implies that harm can be completely eliminated, which is unrealistic in most research contexts. Therefore, option C clearly represents the foundational understanding of what minimal risk entails in the context of research ethics.