What does 'minimal risk' refer to in research ethics?

'Minimal risk' in the context of research ethics is understood as the risk of harm that is equivalent to the risks encountered in daily life or during routine physical or psychological tests. This concept is important in ethical research practices because it helps determine the appropriate level of oversight and informed consent required for certain studies.

When research poses minimal risk, it suggests that the likelihood of harm or adverse effects to participants is similar to what they might experience in everyday situations, such as a brief, mild discomfort during a medical examination or survey participation. This understanding is crucial for researchers and ethics committees as they evaluate study proposals and ensure that participants are adequately protected without imposing unnecessary restrictions on studies that are deemed low-risk.

The other options describe levels of risk that are either greater than what is considered typical in daily life or focus on severe outcomes or unfavorable risk-benefit ratios, which do not align with the definition of minimal risk.