Which of the following is an example of a lack of respect for research subjects?

Denying information that would help in informed decision-making illustrates a lack of respect for research subjects because it undermines their autonomy and ability to make informed choices about their participation. The ethical principle of respect for persons, as outlined in the Belmont Report, emphasizes the importance of informed consent—participants should be given all pertinent information regarding the study, including its risks and benefits, so they can make knowledgeable decisions about whether or not to participate. Failing to provide crucial information denies them the agency over their own lives and can lead to exploitation, which is fundamentally contrary to the ethical treatment of individuals in research.

In contrast, options that involve transparency, encouragement of participant feedback, or the inclusion of diverse backgrounds promote respect for the participants. These elements foster trust, ethical engagement, and inclusivity, which are all essential components of ethical research practices.